where were roughts in 1777

Lussy04

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22-01-2025

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The year 1777 was a pivotal one in the American Revolutionary War. Understanding the British Army's movements, often referred to as the "roughs" colloquially, is crucial to comprehending the strategic shifts and battles that shaped the conflict's trajectory. This article will trace the British Army's locations throughout 1777, highlighting key campaigns and engagements.

The British Strategy in 1777: A Three-Pronged Approach

General Sir William Howe, commander-in-chief of the British forces, devised a three-pronged strategy for 1777. This plan aimed to isolate New England from the rest of the colonies and crush the rebellion at its heart. The three prongs involved:

• The main force under General Howe: This army would advance from New York City, aiming to capture Philadelphia, the Continental Congress's seat.
• A second force under General John Burgoyne: This expedition would march south from Canada, aiming to cut off New England from the rest of the colonies.
• A third force under Colonel Barry St. Leger: This smaller force would move from the Great Lakes region, aiming to capture Fort Stanwix (present-day Rome, New York) and support Burgoyne's advance.

Tracing the British Army's Locations: A Timeline

Spring & Early Summer 1777: The bulk of the British army remained based in and around New York City, preparing for Howe's campaign south. Smaller detachments were positioned strategically throughout New York and New Jersey, maintaining control and suppressing potential rebel activity. St. Leger's forces were assembling in the Great Lakes region, while Burgoyne began his advance from Canada.

Summer 1777: The Philadelphia Campaign

General Howe's main army embarked on a significant campaign, moving towards Philadelphia. Key locations include:

• June - July: The British army moved from New York City, initially engaging in skirmishes along the way. Their movements were largely focused on the New Jersey landscape, before crossing the Delaware River.
• September: The Battle of Brandywine took place, resulting in a British victory. They then occupied Philadelphia, making it their base of operations.
• October: The Battle of Germantown, another engagement near Philadelphia, occurred but ended in a British victory.

Summer & Fall 1777: Burgoyne's Disastrous Campaign

General Burgoyne's campaign proved far less successful. His army encountered stiff resistance, culminating in a series of crucial battles:

• July - August: Burgoyne's army advanced south from Canada, capturing Fort Ticonderoga in July. Their progress slowed considerably due to logistical challenges and the determination of the Continental Army.
• September - October: The Battles of Saratoga marked a turning point in the war. Surrounded and outmaneuvered, Burgoyne's army surrendered at Saratoga, a decisive victory for the Continental Army. This event is considered a crucial turning point, as it prompted France to formally ally with the Americans.

Summer & Fall 1777: St. Leger's Failed Operation

Colonel St. Leger's expedition also met with defeat. His forces were tasked with capturing Fort Stanwix, crucial to supporting Burgoyne.

• August - September: St. Leger's siege of Fort Stanwix ultimately failed. The arrival of reinforcements and the threat of a larger Continental Army force forced him to retreat, effectively ending his campaign.

Conclusion: 1777 – A Year of Shifting Fortunes

1777 witnessed significant British movements across the American colonies. While Howe's army successfully occupied Philadelphia, the failures of Burgoyne and St. Leger’s campaigns proved pivotal. The British occupation of Philadelphia was ultimately a pyrrhic victory, overshadowed by the American success at Saratoga. The year ended with shifting balances of power, illustrating the complexities of the Revolutionary War and the strategic challenges faced by both sides. Further research into specific regimental movements and engagement locations can provide a more granular understanding of the "roughs" during this crucial year.